Experiencia en trasplante pulmonar pediátrico en Chile / Experience with pediatric lung transplantation in Chile

El trasplante de pulmón (TP) es una opción para pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades pulmonares terminales. OBJETIVO: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos trasplantados de pulmón. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de pacientes TP ≤ 15 años de Clínica Las Condes. Se analizaron datos demográficos, tipo de trasplante, función pulmonar basal y post trasplante, complicaciones precoces y tardías y sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Nueve pacientes < 15 años de edad se han trasplantado. La edad promedio fue 12,7 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística (7 pacientes). El IMC promedio fue de 17,6 y todos estaban con oxígeno domiciliario. El 77% utilizó soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. Las principales complicaciones precoces fueron hemorragia y la disfunción primaria de injerto mientras que las tardías fueron principalmente las infecciones y la disfunción crónica de injerto. Cuatro pacientes han fallecido y la sobrevida a dos años fue de 85%. El trasplante les permitió una reinserción escolar y 3 lograron completar estudios universitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa para niños con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas mejorando su sobrevida y calidad de vida.

Lung transplantation (TP) is a treatment option in children with terminal lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and survival of pediatrics lung transplant patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of lung transplantation of patients ≤ 15 years from Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Demographic data, type of transplant, baseline and post transplant lung function, early and late complications and survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients ≤ 15 years-old were transplanted. The average age at transplant was 12.7 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis (7 patients). The average BMI was 17.6 and all the patients were with home oxygen therapy. 77% used extracorporeal intraoperative support. Average baseline FEV1 was 25.2% with progressive improvement in FEV1 of 77% in the first year. The main early complications were hemorrhage and primary graft dysfunction, while late complications were infections and chronic graft dysfunction. Four patients have died and the estimated 2 years survival was 85%. They achieved school reinsertion and three managed to complete university studies. CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children with advanced lung diseases improving their survival and quality of life.

Trasplante pulmonar en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar: experiencia del Instituto Nacional del Tórax / Lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis: an experience from National Institute of Thorax, Chile

Resumen La fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad progresiva y de mal pronóstico por lo que el trasplante pulmonar sigue siendo una opción para pacientes bien seleccionados. Objetivo: Evaluar resultados y sobrevida de pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar trasplantados a 8 años de inicio del programa de trasplante. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de trasplantados de pulmón por fibrosis pulmonar desde agosto de 2010 a julio de 2018. Resultados: De un total de 76 trasplantes, un 68,4% han sido en pacientes con fibrosis pulmonar. La principal indicación fue fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (75%). El puntaje de priorización pulmonar (LAS) promedio fue de 53 y un 32% cumplía con criterios de urgencia. La edad promedio fue 55 años, y se usó técnica unipulmonar en un 98%. La principal complicación quirúrgica fue la estenosis bronquial (7,6%). De las complicaciones médicas precoces destacaron 26 episodios infecciosos y 6 rechazos celulares agudos. La principal complicación tardía fue la disfunción crónica de injerto. Los resultados funcionales promedio pre trasplante, a 1 y 3 años fueron: CVF de 49%, 71% y 70% del valor teórico. Un 40% ha fallecido en el período de seguimiento. La principal causa de mortalidad el primer año post trasplante fueron las infecciones. La sobrevida a 1, 3 y 5 años fue de 86,2%, 65,2% y 59,8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: En trasplante monopulmonar es una opción de tratamiento en estos pacientes, con una sobrevida de 59% a 5 años. Un tercio se trasplanta con criterios de urgencia, siendo las infecciones la principal complicación precoz y la disfunción crónica de injerto la complicación tardía más frecuente.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease with a bad prognosis. This situation makes rise lung transplant as a therapeutic option among carefully selected patients. Objective: Evaluate the results and survival rates of patients with pulmonary fibrosis that were transplanted through an 8 years period of follow-up, from the beginning of our transplant program. Methods: Descriptive study of the transplanted patients diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis from august 2010 to july 2018. Results: Out of 76 transplants, 68.4% were due to pulmonary fibrosis, among these, the main diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (75%). The average lung allocation score (LAS) was 53 and 32% of them had urgency criteria. Patients ' age averaged 55 years-old and 98% of them underwent a single lung transplant. Early medical complications were seen in 26 patients with infectious episodes and 6 with acute rejection. The main late complication was chronic allograft dysfunction. The main surgical complication was bronchial stenosis (7.6%). In comparison to its base line reference values FVC means pre transplant and 1 and 3 years post-transplant were 49%, 70% and 71% respectively. A 40% of patients died during follow up period. Infections were the main cause of mortality during the first year. Survival rates at 1st 3rd and 5th year were 86,2%; 65.2% and 59.8% respectively. Conclusions: Single lung transplant is a therapeutic option for patients with interstitial lung disease with a 59% survival rate in 5 years, 1/3 fulfilled urgency criteria at the transplant time. The infections were the main early complication and chronic graft dysfunction was the main late complication.

Burkholderia cepacia, cystic fibrosis and outcomes following lung transplantation: experiences from a single center in Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of Burkholderia cepacia complex colonization in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing lung transplantation. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed clinical data and respiratory tract samples (sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage) collected from suppurative lung disease patients between January 2008 and November 2013. We also subtyped different Burkholderia cepacia complex genotypes via DNA sequencing using primers against the recA gene in samples collected between January 2012 and November 2013. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2013, 34 lung transplants were performed on cystic fibrosis patients at our center. Burkholderia cepacia complex was detected in 13 of the 34 (38.2%) patients. Seven of the 13 (53%) strains were subjected to genotype analysis, from which three strains of B. metallica and four strains of B. cenocepacia were identified. The mortality rate was 1/13 (7.6%), and this death was not related to B. cepacia infection. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that colonization by B. cepacia complex and even B. cenocepacia in patients with cystic fibrosis should not be considered an absolute contraindication to lung transplantation in Brazilian centers.

Resultados del trasplante pulmonar en pacientes en situación de urgencia / Results of lung transplant patients in emergency situation

Introduction: In Chile, a number of criteria were agreed for emergency lung transplant in order to diminish the mortality of candidates on the waiting list. Objective: To evaluate short-term transplant patients in emergency condition. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients transplanted from January 2012 to July 2015 demographic data, underlying disease, early and late complication, and survival were recorded. Results: Out of 59 patients transplanted in this period, 18 have been in an emergency condition. Underlying pulmonary disease were: pulmonary fibrosis (n = 13), cystic fibrosis (n = 3), bronchiolitis obliterans (1) and pulmonary hypertension (1). The dependence of non invasive mechanical ventilation was the main reason for urgency (89%). 76% required intraoperative extracorporeal support. Survival at 30 days and 12 months was 94 and 87% respectively. Conclusion: Lung transplantation is a short-term emergency procedure with good results in survival.

Introducción: En Chile se consensuaron una serie de criterios de urgencia para trasplante pulmonar con el fin de disminuir la mortalidad de candidatos en lista de espera. Objetivo: Evaluar la sobrevida a corto plazo de pacientes trasplantados en condición de urgencia. Metodología: Análisis retrospectivo de fichas clínicas de pacientes trasplantados desde enero del 2012 a julio del 2015. Se consignó datos demográficos, enfermedad de base, complicaciones precoces, tardías y sobrevida. Resultados: De 59 pacientes trasplantados en este período 18 han sido en urgencia. Enfermedad de base: fibrosis pulmonar (n = 13), fibrosis quística (n = 3), bronquiolitis obliterante (n = 1), hipertensión pulmonar (n = 1). La dependencia de ventilación mecánica no invasiva fue el principal motivo de urgencia (89%). Un 76% requirió de soporte extracorpóreo intraoperatorio. La sobrevida a 30 días y a 12 meses fue de 94 y 87% respectivamente. Conclusión: El trasplante pulmonar en situación de urgencia es un procedimiento con buenos resultados en sobrevida a corto plazo.

Trasplante pulmonar en niños y adolescentes: Experiencia Clínica Las Condes / Lung transplantation in children and adolescents: Experience at Clinica Las Condes

Objective: To assess the outcome of patients ≤ 20 years old subjected to lung transplantation. Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of these patients at Las Condes Clinic, Santiago de Chile. Results: Ten patients ≤ 20 years old have been subjected to lung transplantation. The median age at transplant was 15.8 years. The main indication was cystic fibrosis in 8 patients. The average baseline FEV1 was 31.3% of its reference value with progressive improvement in FEV1 being 76,3% after one year and 75,3% after two years, Early complications were infections and rejection. Late complications were mainly viral infections. Six patients achieved to continue their studies. Survival rate at 30 days, 1 and 5 years were 80, 70 and 58% respectively. Conclusion: Lung transplantation is an alternative for children and adolescents with advanced lung disease with acceptable results in long-term survival.

Sólo 45 centros en el mundo desarrollan trasplantes pulmonares en niños. Objetivo: Evaluar resultados de pacientes ≤ 20 años trasplantados de pulmón. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de registros clínicos de estos pacientes en Clínica Las Condes. Resultados: Diez pacientes ≤ 20 años han sido trasplantados de pulmón. La edad promedio al momento del trasplante fue de 15,8 años. La principal indicación fue fibrosis quística en 8 pacientes. El VEF1 promedio basal fue de 31,3% de su valor de referencia, con mejoría progresiva post-trasplante siendo al año de 76,7% y a los 2 años de 75%, Complicaciones precoces fueron infecciones y rechazo. Complicaciones tardías fueron principalmente infecciones de origen viral. Seis pacientes lograron continuar sus estudios. La sobrevida a 30 días, al 1er y 5º año fue de 80%,70% y 58% respectivamente. Conclusión: El trasplante pulmonar es una alternativa válida en niños y adolescentes con enfermedades pulmonares avanzadas con resultados aceptables a largo plazo.

Functional improvement in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing single lung transplantation / Melhora funcional em portadores de fibrose pulmonar idiopática submetidos a transplante pulmonar unilateral

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the changes in lung function in the first year after single lung transplantation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with IPF who underwent single lung transplantation between January of 2006 and December of 2012, reviewing the changes in the lung function occurring during the first year after the procedure.Results: Of the 218 patients undergoing lung transplantation during the study period, 79 (36.2%) had IPF. Of those 79 patients, 24 (30%) died, and 11 (14%) did not undergo spirometry at the end of the first year. Of the 44 patients included in the study, 29 (66%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 57 years. Before transplantation, mean FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio were 1.78 L (50% of predicted), 1.48 L (52% of predicted), and 83%, respectively. In the first month after transplantation, there was a mean increase of 12% in FVC (400 mL) and FEV1 (350 mL). In the third month after transplantation, there were additional increases, of 5% (170 mL) in FVC and 1% (50 mL) in FEV1. At the end of the first year, the functional improvement persisted, with a mean gain of 19% (620 mL) in FVC and 16% (430 mL) in FEV1.Conclusions: Single lung transplantation in IPF patients who survive for at least one year provides significant and progressive benefits in lung function during the first year. This procedure is an important therapeutic alternative in the management of IPF.

ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar as alterações de função pulmonar no primeiro ano após transplante de pulmão unilateral em pacientes portadores de fibrose pulmonar idiopática (FPI).Métodos: Foi avaliada retrospectivamente a variação da função pulmonar de portadores de FPI submetidos a transplante pulmonar unilateral entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2012 no decorrer do primeiro ano após o procedimento.Resultados: Dos 218 pacientes submetidos a transplante pulmonar durante o período do estudo, 79 (36,2%) eram portadores de FPI. Desses 79 pacientes, 24 (30%) foram a óbito e 11 (14%) não realizaram espirometria ao final do primeiro ano. Dos 44 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 29 (66%) eram homens. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 57 anos.Antes do transplante, as médias de CVF, VEF1 e relação VEF1/CVF foram de 1,78 l (50% do previsto), 1,48 l (52% do previsto) e 83%, respectivamente. No primeiro mês após o transplante, houve um aumento médio de 12% tanto na CVF (400 ml) como no VEF1 (350 ml). No terceiro mês após o transplante, houve um aumento adicional médio de 5% (170 ml) na CVF e de 1% (50 ml) no VEF1. Ao final do primeiro ano, a melhora funcional foi persistente, com um ganho médio de 19% (620 ml) na CVF e de 16% (430 ml) no VEF1.Conclusões: O transplante pulmonar unilateral em portadores de FPI que sobrevivam por pelo menos um ano proporciona importante e progressivo benefício na sua função pulmonar no decorrer do primeiro ano. Este procedimento é uma importante alternativa terapêutica no manejo da FPI.

Analysis of access to hypertensive and diabetic drugs in the Family Health Strategy, State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Análise do acesso ao tratamento medicamentoso para hipertensão e diabetes na Estratégia de Saúde da Família no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

To evaluate the access to drugs for hypertension and diabetes and the direct cost of buying them among users of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Avaliar o acesso a medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes e o gasto direto relacionado à aquisição destes insumos entre os usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), no estado de Pernambuco.

Lung transplantation / Transplante pulmonar

ABSTRACT Lung transplantation is a globally accepted treatment for some advanced lung diseases, giving the recipients longer survival and better quality of life. Since the first transplant successfully performed in 1983, more than 40 thousand transplants have been performed worldwide. Of these, about seven hundred were in Brazil. However, survival of the transplant is less than desired, with a high mortality rate related to primary graft dysfunction, infection, and chronic graft dysfunction, particularly in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. New technologies have been developed to improve the various stages of lung transplant. To increase the supply of lungs, ex vivo lung reconditioning has been used in some countries, including Brazil. For advanced life support in the perioperative period, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and hemodynamic support equipment have been used as a bridge to transplant in critically ill patients on the waiting list, and to keep patients alive until resolution of the primary dysfunction after graft transplant. There are patients requiring lung transplant in Brazil who do not even come to the point of being referred to a transplant center because there are only seven such centers active in the country. It is urgent to create new centers capable of performing lung transplantation to provide patients with some advanced forms of lung disease a chance to live longer and with better quality of life.

RESUMO O transplante pulmonar é um tratamento mundialmente aceito para alguma pneumopatias avançadas, conferindo aos receptores maior sobrevida e melhor qualidade de vida. Desde o primeiro transplante realizado com sucesso em 1983, mais de 40 mil transplantes foram feitos em todo mundo. Destes, cerca de 700 foram no Brasil. No entanto, a sobrevida do transplante é menor do que a desejada, com altos índices de mortalidade relacionados à disfunção primária do enxerto, infecções e disfunção crônica do enxerto, principalmente sob a forma da síndrome da bronquiolite obliterante. Novas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas para aprimoramento das diversas etapas do transplante pulmonar. Para aumentar a oferta de pulmões, o recondicionamento pulmonar ex vivo vem sendo utilizado em alguns países, inclusive no Brasil. Para suporte avançado de vida no período perioperatório, equipamentos de oxigenação extracorpórea e de suporte hemodinâmico vêm sendo utilizado como ponte para o transplante em pacientes gravemente doentes em lista de espera e para manter pacientes vivos até a resolução da disfunção primária do enxerto pós-transplante. Existe uma demanda reprimida de pacientes que necessitam de transplante pulmonar no Brasil e que nem sequer chegam a ser encaminhados a um centro transplantador, pois só existem sete deles ativos no país. É urgente a criação de novos centros capazes de realizar transplante pulmonar para oferecer a pacientes com algumas pneumopatias avançadas uma chance de viver mais e com melhor qualidade de vida.

Pediatric lung transplantation: 10 years of experience

Lung transplantation is a well-established treatment for advanced lung diseases. In children, the diseases that most commonly lead to the need for a transplantation are cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and bronchiolitis. However, the number of pediatric lung transplantations being performed is low compared with the number of transplants performed in the adult age group. The objective of this study was to demonstrate our experience with pediatric lung transplants over a 10-year period in a program initially designed for adults.

Is SAPS 3 better than APACHE II at predicting mortality in critically ill transplant patients?

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the accuracy of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 with that of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II at predicting hospital mortality in patients from a transplant intensive care unit. METHOD: A total of 501 patients were enrolled in the study (152 liver transplants, 271 kidney transplants, 54 lung transplants, 24 kidney-pancreas transplants) between May 2006 and January 2007. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 was calculated using the global equation (customized for South America) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; the scores were calculated within 24 hours of admission. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was generated, and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was calculated to identify the patients at the greatest risk of death according to Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used for statistically significant results and indicated a difference in performance over deciles. The standardized mortality ratio was used to estimate the overall model performance. RESULTS: The ability of both scores to predict hospital mortality was poor in the liver and renal transplant groups and average in the lung transplant group (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.696 for Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and 0.670 for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II). The calibration of both scores was poor, even after customizing the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 score for South America. CONCLUSIONS: The low predictive accuracy of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores does not warrant the use of these scores in critically ill transplant patients.

Trasplante pulmonar: experiencia en Clínica Las Condes / Lung transplantation: Clinica las Condes experience

En la actualidad el trasplante pulmonar es considerado el tratamiento de elección para pacientes portadores de una enfermedad pulmonar avanzada que no presenten otras patologías severas y cuya sobrevida estimada es menor a dos años. La mejoría de la técnica quirúrgica y las drogas inmunosupresoras han permitido optimizar la calidad de vida, disminuyendo las complicaciones y extendiendo así la sobrevida. Hace 10 años Clínica Las Condes inicia su programa de trasplante pulmonar el que ha sido pionero nacional en número de injertos realizados y resultados obtenidos a largo plazo. Se realiza una revisión de las indicaciones, complicaciones precoces y tardías, capacidad física posterior al trasplante y sobrevida alejada de los pacientes trasplantados de pulmón en nuestro programa.

Currently the lung transplant is considered the treatment of choice for patients showing no other severe pathologies advanced lung disease carriers whose estimated survival rate is less than two years. The improvement of the surgical technique and immunosuppressive drugs has made it possible to optimize the quality of life, reducing complications and extending the survival rate. For 10 years Clínica las Condes has been initiating your lung transplantation program which has been pioneering national in number made grafts and results obtained long-term. Performs a review indications, early and late complications, transplantation and survival away from transplanted patients lung our physical capacity.

Complicações relacionadas à lobectomia em doadores de transplante pulmonar intervivos / Complications related to lobectomy in living lobar lung transplant donors

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as complicações pós-operatórias imediatas de doadores vivos de lobos pulmonares para transplante. MÉTODOS: Entre setembro de 1999 e maio de 2005 foram realizadas lobectomias em 32 doadores saudáveis para transplante pulmonar em 16 receptores. Os prontuários médicos destes doadores foram analisados retrospectivamente para verificar a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias e as alterações da função pulmonar após a lobectomia. RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois doadores (68,75 por cento) não apresentaram complicações. Entre os 10 casos que apresentaram alguma complicação o derrame pleural foi a mais freqüente, ocorrendo em 5 deles (15,6 por cento da amostra). Três doadores (9,3 por cento) necessitaram de transfusão de hemácias e, em 2 casos, foi necessária nova intervenção cirúrgica devido a hemotórax. Um doador apresentou pneumotórax após a retirada do dreno de tórax e houve um caso de infecção respiratória. Ocorreram duas intercorrências intra-operatórias (6,25 por cento): em um doador foi realizada broncoplastia do lobo médio; em outro, foi necessária a ressecção da língula. Não houve mortalidade cirúrgica nesta série. As provas de função pulmonar do pós-operatório demonstraram uma redução média de 20 por cento no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (p < 000,1), em comparação com os valores verificados antes da cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: A lobectomia em doadores pulmonares vivos para transplante apresenta elevado risco de complicações pós-operatórias e resulta em perda definitiva da função pulmonar Uma cuidadosa avaliação pré-operatória faz-se necessária para reduzir a incidência de complicações nos doadores vivos de lobos pulmonares para transplante.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate post-operative complications in living lobar lung transplant donors. METHODS: Between September of 1999 and May of 2005, lobectomies were performed in 32 healthy lung transplant donors for 16 recipients. The medical charts of these donors were retrospectively analyzed in order to determine the incidence of postoperative complications and alterations in pulmonary function after lobectomy. RESULTS: Twenty-two donors (68.75 percent) presented no complications. Among the 10 donors presenting complications, the most frequently observed complication was pleural effusion, which occurred in 5 donors (15.6 percent of the sample). Red blood cell transfusion was necessary in 3 donors (9.3 percent), and 2 donors underwent a second surgical procedure due to hemothorax. One donor presented pneumothorax after chest tube removal, and one developed respiratory infection. There were two intra-operative complications (6.25 percent): one donor required bronchoplasty of the middle lobe; and another required lingular resection. No intra-operative mortality was observed. Post-operative pulmonary function tests demonstrated an average reduction of 20 percent in forced expiratory volume in one second (p < 000.1) compared to pre-operative values. CONCLUSIONS: Lobectomy in living lung transplant donors presents high risk of post-operative complications and irreversible impairment of pulmonary function. Careful pre-operative evaluation is necessary in order to reduce the incidence of complications in living lobar lung transplant donors.

Pediatric heart and lung transplantation.

During the last two decades, several advances have resulted in marked improvement in medium-term survival with excellent quality of life in pediatric heart transplant recipients. These were possible due to better donor and recipient selection, increased surgical experience in transplantation for complex congenital heart disease, development of effective rejection surveillance, and wider choice of immunosuppressive medications. Despite all of these advances, recipients suffer from the adverse effects of non-specific immunosuppression including infections, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders and other malignancies, renal dysfunction and other important end-organ toxicities. Furthermore, newer immunosuppressive regimens appear (so far) to have had relatively little impact on the incidence of allograft coronary vasculopathy (chronic rejection). Progress in our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms of rejection and graft acceptance should lead to more targeted immunosuppressive therapy and avoidance of non-specific immunosuppression. The ultimate goal is to induce a state of tolerance, wherein the recipient will accept the allograft indefinitely without the need for long-term immunosuppression and yet remain immunocompetent to other antigens. This quest is currently being realized in many animal models of solid organ transplantation and offers great hope for the future.

Transplante pulmonar: evolución y complicaciones: experiencia de Clínicas las Condes / Lung transplantation: evolution and complications: clinical experience

El transplante pulmonar es una alternativa terapéutica con enfermedad pulmonar severa sin respuesta a tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de los pacientes transplantados en Clínica las Condes. Materia y método: 21 pacientes transplantados entre abril 1999 a mayo de 2003: 10 transplantes simples y 11 bipulmonares, edad x48 años (13-70); 13 hombres; patología predominante fibrosis idiopática: 10 (48 por ciento). Espirometría basal en patología restrictiva CVF: x 1.827 ml (43 por ciento) (1.170 - 2.430 ml) y obstructiva: VEF1 x 818 ml (24 por ciento) (352 - 1.756 ml), todos dependientes de oxígeno. Inmunosupresión triasociada: prednisona, azatioprina y ciclosporina o tacrolimus. Resultados: 3 pacientes fallecen 30 días por hemorragia cerebral, hemoptisis masiva y sepsis respectivamente. Seguimiento de 2 a 45 meses. Evolución espirométrica (VEF1): 1 año 2.107 ml (67 por ciento), 2 años 2.012 ml (65 por ciento) y 3 años 2.440 ml (74 por ciento). Todos suspenden oxígeno y realizar actividad física. Complicaciones; Disfución primaria de injerto 2, rechazo agudo 4, lesión vía aérea 2, neumonia por Citomegalovirus 2, síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante (SBO) 3 y fallecen dos. Conclusiones: El transplante pulmonar mejora calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar terminal y nuestros resultado corfirman que es una alternativa posible en nuestro país.

Trasplante unilateral de pulmón: 10 años de experiencia / Single lung transplantation: our experience during 10 years

Antecedentes: El trasplante pulmonar se ha convertido en una alternativa terapéutica importante para pacientes con patología pulmonar crónica en etapa terminal. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en el trasplante unilateral de pulmón en un período de 10 años (1992-2002), analizando la morbimortalidad y la supervivencia. Lugar de realización: Hospital universitario privado de la comunidad. Diseño: Análisis retrospectivo. Material y método: Durante el período 1992-2002 nos fueron remitidos 102 pacientes, 56 de ellos fueron evaluados y 36 ingresaron en lista de espera. La edad promedio de estos últimos fue de 45,5 años (rango 21-63). El promedio en lista de espera fue de 295 días. Se realizaron 21 trasplantes de pulmón en 20 enfermos, de los cuales 11 fueron mujeres. 12 trasplantes fueron izquierdos y 9 derechos. Correspondieron a 12 pacientes con efisema, 6 con fibrosis pulmonar, 1 con hipertensión pulmonar primaria, 1 con fístula arteriovenosa y 1 con linfangioleiomiomatosis. Se realizaron 2 cirugías de reducción volumétrica pulmonar, una pretrasplante y otra postrasplante. Resultados: Las complicaciones precoces más frecuentes fueron las infecciones por SAMR, pseudomona y acinetobacter. Hubo 6 episodios de rechazo agudo con buena respuesta al tratamiento con corticoides. Una estenosis de la anastomosis bronquial requirió la colocación de endoprótesis. La mortalidad operatoria global fue del 33,33 por ciento (7/21 pac.); fue del 50 por ciento en los primeros 5 años (1992-1997) y disminuyó al 18,18 por ciento (2/11 pac.) en los últimos 5 años (1997-2002). La supervivencia al año del trasplante fue del 66 por ciento (8/12 pac.), siendo la supervivencia máxima de 110 meses. Conclusiones: A pesar de escasez de donantes y las dificultades socioeconómicas reinantes en nuestro país, el trasplante pulmonar continúa siendo una alternativa terapéutica para pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria en etapa terminal con aceptables cifras de morbimortalidad y supervivencia

Transplante pulmonar: indicaciones, técnica anestésica y manejo intraoperatorio / Pulmonar transplantation: indications, anesthetic technique and intraoperatory management

A partir de la década del 80, el transplante de pulmón se ha convertido en una terapéutica válida para aquellos pacientes portadores de enfermedades pulmonares terminales. Para la realización del transplante pulmonar, en cualquiera de sus variedades, es indispensable contar con una función cardíaca adecuada. Los buenos resultados obtenidos con el transplante unipulmonar, sumado a la escasez de donantes, que técnicamente es más fácil y que raramente se necesita circulación extracorpórea, determinaron que hoy en día su indicación se ha extendido sobre otras patologías que antes eran indicaciones exclusivas del transplante bilateral o del cardiopulmonar. La técnica anestésica no difiere de la utilizada en otras cirugías de resección pulmonares de complejidad como ser una neumonectomía. El mayor desafío a que se enfrenta el anestesiólogo, es comprender y poder tratar las diferentes variaciones hemodinámicas y respiratorias que se presentan durante las distintas etapas del transplante. Quizás el punto más crítico es determinar la necesidad o no de recurrir a la circulación extracorpórea, para tratar la hipoxemia incorregible o la falla del ventrículo derecho, luego del colapso y/o clampeo de la arteria pulmonar antes de realizarse la neumonectomía. El objetivo del presente trabajo es enumerar las diferentes indicaciones, los criterios de selección tanto del donante como del receptor, la técnica quirúrgica y anestésica y el tratamiento de las complicaciones intraoperatorias más frecuentes como ser: la insuficiencia del ventrículo derecho y la hipoxemia.

Desarrollo de un programa experimental y clínico de trasplante pulmonar: experiencia inicial de cuatro trasplantes unilaterales / Development of experimental and clinic program of lung transplantation: our experience in 4 unilateral trasplantation

El trasplante se ha convertido en una opción real para muchos enfermos con patalogía pulmonar terminal. El presente trabajo expone el desarrollo de un programa de trasplante unilateral realizado en 2 etapas: experimental, a partir de 1988 y clínica a partir de 1992. La etapa experimental cumplió los siguientes objetivos: nuclear un grupo multidisciplinario; desarrollar entrenamiento quirúrgico en Tx pulmonar, evaluar los cambios gasométricos y hemodinámicos en el intra y post-operatorio en el Tx unilateral en perros. En esta etapa se analiza la experiencia de 50 trasplantes unilaterales. Sin usar inmunosupresión se demuestra el buen funcionamiento durante el postoperatorio inmediato del pulmón trasplantado. En la etapa clínica se analizan 46 pacientes entrevistados en el período Agosto/92-Junio/94 de los cuales 32 fueron evaluados. 17 pacientes ingresaron en lista de espera, 5 de ellos para Tx unilateral y 12 para Tx bilateral, 4 pacientes fueron trasplantados: 1 por enfisema, 1 por fibrosis, 1 por silicosis y 1 por hipertensión pulmonar primaria. Se establecen indicaciones, criterios de selección del donante y receptor y detalles técnicos de la cirugía, anestesia y recuperación. La inmunosupresión fue realizada en base a ciclosporina, azatioprina, corticoides y suero antilinfocitario. 2 pacientes presentaron sobrevida prolongada de 15 (y falleció) y 21 meses (vive actualmente). Dos pacientes fallecieron en el post-operatorio inmediato. El 50 por ciento de los enfermos superó el año de supervivencia con actividad muy cercana a la normal. Se analizan diversos aspectos relacionados con la problemática del Tx pulmonar en general, infección, rechazo agudo y crónico y complicaciones de la vía aérea. En nuestro país es todavía prematuro comunicar cifras representativas, ya que estamos en la etapa fundacional del Trasplante pulmonar.